{"title":"Science Project \u0026 Paper Electronics Kits","description":"With these DIY Paper Kits, let's teach our children science experiments in an engaging way.","products":[{"product_id":"representation-of-ohm-s-law-and-power-consumption-in-a-circuit","title":"Representation of Ohm`s Law and Power Consumption in a Circuit","description":"In this kit, we are changing the value of resistance in a loop and observing the change in current in the given loop. \u003cstrong\u003eOhm’s law states\u003c\/strong\u003e that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, \u003cstrong\u003eOhm`s Law and Power Consumption in a Circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e is provided all physical conditions and temperature, remain constant. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOhm’s Law Equation:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eV = IR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e where V is the voltage across the conductor, I is the current flowing through the conductor and R is the resistance provided by the conductor to the flow of current.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eRelationship Between Voltage, Current and Resistance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/files\/Ohms-Law-5_480x480.jpg?v=1634363889\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eCircuit Diagram\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg data-mce-fragment=\"1\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/files\/Ohms-Law-circuit-diagram_480x480.jpg?v=1634364995\" p=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/files\/Ohms-Law-circuit-diagram_480x480.jpg?v=1634364995\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\nFrom the given circuit diagram we can understand the concept very easily.\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInitially, the key K is closed and the rheostat is adjusted to get the minimum reading in Ammeter A and voltmeter.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe current in the circuit is increased gradually by moving the sliding terminal of the rheostat. During the process, the current flowing in the circuit and the corresponding value of potential difference across the resistance wire R are recorded.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis way different sets of values of voltage and current are obtained. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nxzL1j6FlhI\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708892295349,"sku":"LGSK002","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708892328117,"sku":"LGSK002_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/diy-ohm_s-law-experiment.jpg?v=1634365786"},{"product_id":"voltage-division-rule-its-application-to-ldr","title":"Voltage Division Rule \u0026 Its Application To LDR","description":"The kit demonstrates the \u003cstrong\u003evoltage division rule\u003c\/strong\u003e. According to this, the total voltage applied across a series connection of multiple resistors is divided among the resistors in proportional to their resistance\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. This means the voltage drop will be maximum across the resistor having a maximum value of resistance.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe can understand the voltage division rule very easily from the given circuit. If we assume LDR as a resistor then as per voltage division rule the voltage at point v2 will be equal to V*(R1\/(R1+R2). \u003cstrong\u003eClearly, Voltage Division Rule\u003c\/strong\u003e can be understood from the given equation that, if the value of R1 changes, the overall voltage at V2 will also change. If we interchange R1 and R2, then it can be made more sensitive.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe above concept can be understood in the following ways: As the light falls on the LDR, its resistance decreases hence most of the current flows towards \u003cstrong\u003eApplication To LDR,\u003c\/strong\u003e and the brightness of the led decreases and vice versa.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YqKrQuAgnm8\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708892393653,"sku":"LGSK001","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708892426421,"sku":"LGSK001_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/diy-kirchhoffs-law-voltage.jpg?v=1634362421"},{"product_id":"time-constant-of-a-capacitor-rc-circuit","title":"Time Constant Of A Capacitor \u0026 RC Circuit","description":"All capacitors store charge. If we connect a resistance in series with the capacitor, then it will take some finite time to get fully charged. The\u003cstrong\u003e time constant\u003c\/strong\u003e is the time required to charge the capacitor, through the resistor, by ≈ 63.2 percent of the final value. It can be mathematically denoted as the product of R and C.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHere in this \u003cstrong\u003eCapacitor RC Circuit \u003c\/strong\u003eas we turn on the power and move the s2 towards v2, the capacitor gets charged up to v(applied voltage), as we move the s2 towards v3, the capacitor starts discharging, and led starts glowing. By observing the LED we can get the idea of the time constant of the capacitor.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9t_mN33DV0g\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708892491957,"sku":"LGSK003","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708892524725,"sku":"LGSK003_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/the-time-constant-of-a-capacitor-circuit.jpg?v=1634367662"},{"product_id":"realising-the-transient-response-of-a-capacitor","title":"Realising the Transient Response of a Capacitor","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTransient Response of a Capacitor\u003c\/strong\u003e is more durable. Whenever we apply a DC voltage to the capacitor, it gets charged. Generally, we know that in steady-state, the capacitor doesn’t allow the DC current, but during the transient time (during which the capacitor keeps on charging) current flows are not constant but vary with time.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe can realize the\u003cstrong\u003e transient response\u003c\/strong\u003e very easily from this circuit. In this circuit, as we turn on the power, the LED gets turned on during the transient time. We can analyze delivery easily. As the capacitor gets fully charged, the LED stops glowing. We can observe it many times by discharging and charging the capacitor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/so9PCvEYYgk\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708892590261,"sku":"LGSK004","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708892623029,"sku":"LGSK004_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/transient-response-of-rc-circuit.jpg?v=1634372916"},{"product_id":"high-pass-filter-using-rc-circuit","title":"High Pass Filter Using RC Circuit","description":"\u003cstrong\u003eFilter circuits\u003c\/strong\u003e are used to filter the undesired frequency components of the signal. A \u003cstrong\u003ehigh pass filter\u003c\/strong\u003e allows the high-frequency component while attenuating the low-frequency components. Here we have two different types of signals one is from DC and the other is from AC. The DC has zero frequency while the AC (stepped down with transformer) is having a particular frequency. Generally, it is 50-60 Hz. As we turn on the switch with the dc source, (s3) the zero-frequency component is passed to the circuit.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAs we know the capacitor does not allow the low frequency, hence the LED doesn’t glow. As we turn on the s1( transformer) the capacitor allows us to pass the high-frequency component across it and hence the led gets turned on. Overall our circuit works as a \u003cstrong\u003ehigh pass filter\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XFtqaMeDLu8\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708892655797,"sku":"LGSK005","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708892688565,"sku":"LGSK005_R","price":299.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/rc-circuit-based-project.jpg?v=1634374293"},{"product_id":"diode-as-a-reverse-current-blocking-element","title":"Diode as a Reverse Current Blocking Element","description":"\u003cstrong\u003eDiodes\u003c\/strong\u003e are semiconductor devices that allow the current through them only in one direction. The property has many applications in electronic devices. For example in AC to DC conversion, the\u003cstrong\u003e diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e are used. This\u003cstrong\u003e Reverse Current Blocking Element\u003c\/strong\u003e can also be used in protection circuits.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHere we have demonstrated the concept by using \u003cstrong\u003eLED Light Emitting Diode\u003c\/strong\u003e as they are also diodes. In the given circuit diagram, as we turn on the switch (s1) the LED D1 glows as it is connected in a forwarding direction, and LED D2 doesn’t glow as it is connected in the reverse direction. As we change the polarity of the battery, we can see the opposite result.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NAmuX4IEdYE\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708892819637,"sku":"LGSK006","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708892852405,"sku":"LGSK006_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/diode-as-reverse-polarity-protection.jpg?v=1634623229"},{"product_id":"ac-to-dc-conversion-using-diode-full-wave-rectifier","title":"AC to DC Conversion using Diode (Full-wave rectifier)","description":"The\u003cstrong\u003e AC current flows \u003c\/strong\u003ein both directions and the DC current flows only in one direction. Most of the electronics circuits run on a\u003cstrong\u003e DC power supply\u003c\/strong\u003e and the main power supply available to us is AC. Hence we need to convert AC into DC for most of the home appliances. There are many types of circuits for AC to DC conversion, they are known as rectifiers. Here we have shown a simple half-wave rectifier.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eAC to DC Conversion using Diode Circuits\u003c\/strong\u003e introduces two concepts, one: the AC current flows in two directions, and second: One diode can convert AC power into DC. In the circuit at the Input section, the current is AC hence both the LEDs will glow after passing through diode D5, it gets converted into DC hence only the LED connected in forwarding mode will turn on.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/P6cZiFfMGiM\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708892885173,"sku":"LGSK007","price":159.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708892950709,"sku":"LGSK007_R","price":250.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/ac-to-dc-using-diode.jpg?v=1634625080"},{"product_id":"diode-and-capaciotor-as-a-voltage-multiplier-half-wave-rectifier","title":"Diode and Capaciotor as a Voltage Multiplier (half-wave rectifier)","description":"\u003cstrong\u003eVoltage multipliers\u003c\/strong\u003e can be used to generate from a few volts for electronic appliances to millions of volts for purposes such as high-energy physics experiments and lightning safety testing. A \u003cstrong\u003evoltage multiplier\u003c\/strong\u003e is an electrical circuit that converts AC electrical power from a lower voltage to a higher DC voltage, typically using a network of capacitors and diodes. It produces a DC multiple (2,3,4, etc) of the AC peak input voltage.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHere in the given\u003cstrong\u003e Voltage Multiplier circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e diagram, we have made a half-wave doubler. During the negative half cycle of the Input AC, the capacitor C1 charges up to peak input voltage and during the positive half cycle, it discharges through D2 giving an output of twice of input voltage. Here D2 works as a half-wave rectifier.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/d5sBEd1Mhaw\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708893376693,"sku":"LGSK008","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708893409461,"sku":"LGSK008_R","price":349.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/Voltage-Multipliers.jpg?v=1634626122"},{"product_id":"and-logic-implementation-using-diodes","title":"AND Logic Implementation Using Diodes","description":"A logic gate is an elementary \u003cstrong\u003ebuilding block of a digital circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. There are various types of logic are available like AND logic, OR logic, etc. Here we have implemented two inputs one output \u003cstrong\u003eAND logic.\u003c\/strong\u003e In this logic, the output is high only when both inputs are high, otherwise, the output remains low.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eLogic Implementation Using Diodes Circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e is easy to understand. Two diodes are used here. We know that the turn conducts only when the anode is at a lower voltage than the cathode. If one of the switches is on, then the diode corresponding to that switch conducts, and the voltage at v2 remains low. If both switches are off (open) then only the voltage at v2 goes too high and the LED gets to turn on.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vEiaXOGYHVk\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708893442229,"sku":"LGSK009","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708893474997,"sku":"LGSK009_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/implementation-of-logic-gate-using-diodes.jpg?v=1634628107"},{"product_id":"or-logic-implementation-using-diodes","title":"OR logic Implementation Using Diodes","description":"An \u003cstrong\u003eOR logic gate\u003c\/strong\u003e is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions either low (0) or high (1), It is represented by different voltage levels. There are various types of \u003cstrong\u003elogic gates\u003c\/strong\u003e are available like AND logic, OR logic, etc. Here we have implemented two inputs one output OR logic. In this logic, the output gets high if any input is high.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eImplementation Using Diodes Circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e is easy to understand. Two diodes are used here to implement the logic. We know that the turn conducts only when the anode is at a lower voltage than the cathode. Clearly, if any input is high (any switch is turned on), the output goes too high, and LED gets turned on.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7wwW2QUilX8\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708893540533,"sku":"LGSK010","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708893573301,"sku":"LGSK010_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/OR-logic-implementation-using-diode-circuits.jpg?v=1634629577"},{"product_id":"transistor-as-a-switch","title":"Transistor as a switch","description":"One of the most common uses for transistors in an \u003cstrong\u003eelectronic circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e is simple switches. In short, a transistor conducts current across the collector-emitter path only when a voltage is applied to the base. When no base voltage is present, the \u003cstrong\u003eTransistor as a switch \u003c\/strong\u003eis off. ie no current can flow from the collector to the emitter. Now as the base current starts flowing, the Collector and Emitter get connected and a complete current path is provided and the current starts flowing from the collector to the emitter, and obviously, the LED gets turned on.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the \u003cstrong\u003eTransistor as a switch circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e we have used an LED in series with the collector and emitter so that whenever the current flows from collector to emitter, the LED glows. To provide a voltage at the base, we have used a momentary switch S2. Whenever we press the switch S2, the base of the transistor gets connected with the input power supply via a resistor R2. Here R2 is used to prevent excess current flow.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zID42aUvCnM\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708893737141,"sku":"LGSK011","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708893802677,"sku":"LGSK011_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/transistor-as-a-switch-project.jpg?v=1634633975"},{"product_id":"transistor-as-a-not-gate","title":"Transistor as a NOT Gate","description":"A \u003cstrong\u003eTransistor NOT\u003c\/strong\u003e gate simply inverts its input. If the input is HIGH, the output is LOW, and if the input is LOW, the output is HIGH. Such a circuit is easy to build, using a single transistor and a pair of resistors. The operation of this circuit is simple. When voltage is present at the input, the transistor turns on, allowing current to flow through the \u003cstrong\u003ecollector-emitter circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e directly to the ground. This ground path creates a shortcut that bypasses the output, which causes the output to go LOW. In this way, the output is HIGH when the input is LOW and LOW when the input is HIGH.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eTransistor as a NOT Gate\u003c\/strong\u003e input is connected through resistor R2 to the transistor’s base. When no voltage is present on the input, the transistor turns off. When the transistor is off, no current flows through the collector-emitter path. Thus, current from the supply voltage (Vcc in the schematic) flows through resistor R1 to the output. In this way, the circuit’s output is HIGH when its input is LOW. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2feN6U5QlFo\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708893835445,"sku":"LGSK012","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708893868213,"sku":"LGSK012_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/transistor-not-gate-circuit.jpg?v=1634634585"},{"product_id":"transistor-as-an-or-gate","title":"Transistor as an OR gate","description":"A\u003cstrong\u003e transistor as an OR gate\u003c\/strong\u003e is a digital logic gate with two or more inputs and one output that performs logical disjunction. The output of an OR gate is true when one or more of its inputs is true. If all of an OR gate’s inputs are false, then the output of the OR gate is false.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTransistor as an OR gate circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e There are many ways to implement logic gates. Most frequently it is implemented by transistors. Here we are going to implement two inputs and one output OR logic by using two transistors. This is based on the principle of transistor switching action. If any of the switches S2 or S3 is closed, the transistor corresponding to that gets turned on and hence V5 becomes high and LED D1 starts glowing. The LED can be turned off only by opening both switches.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7CPardujM_g\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708893900981,"sku":"LGSK013","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708893933749,"sku":"LGSK013_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/Transistor-Gates.jpg?v=1634636103"},{"product_id":"transistor-as-a-and-gate","title":"Transistor as a AND gate","description":"The\u003cstrong\u003e AND gate\u003c\/strong\u003e is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction. \u003cspan data-me-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA HIGH output (1) results only if all the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH (1). If none or not all inputs to the AND gate are HIGH, LOW output results. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis \u003cstrong\u003eTransistor as a AND gate circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e is self-descriptive, unless both the switches S2 and S3 are closed, one of the \u003cstrong\u003etransistors\u003c\/strong\u003e remains off and output remains low. As soon as both the switches are closed simultaneously, both transistors conduct, and V5 goes too high.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0Ryk3YSecSI\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708893999285,"sku":"LGSK014","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708894032053,"sku":"LGSK014_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/AND-gate-project.jpg?v=1634636826"},{"product_id":"transistor-as-nand-gate","title":"Transistor as NAND gate","description":"In digital electronics, a \u003cstrong\u003eNAND gate\u003c\/strong\u003e (negative-AND) is a logic gate that produces an output that is false only if all its inputs are true; thus its output is a complement to that of the AND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if one or both inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTransistor as NAND gate\u003c\/strong\u003e is made from good quality material. If any one of the switches S2\/S3 remains opened, one of the transistors remains off output remains high and the LED glows. Whenever we press both the switches simultaneously, both the transistors get turned on and V5 gets connected with the ground and output becomes low i.e. output is high only when both inputs are low.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/J7Uge9V8rP8\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708894064821,"sku":"LGSK015","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708894097589,"sku":"LGSK015_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/transistor-based-nand-gate.jpg?v=1634638832"},{"product_id":"transistor-as-a-nor-gate","title":"Transistor as a NOR gate","description":"The NOR gate is a\u003cstrong\u003e digital logic gate\u003c\/strong\u003e that implements logical NOR. A HIGH output (1) results if both the inputs to the gate are LOW (0); if one or both inputs is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results. NOR is the result of the negation of the OR operator. It can also be seen as an AND gate with all the inputs inverted.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIf any one of the switches S2\/S3 is closed, the transistor corresponding to that turns on, and hence the output (v5) goes to low. The\u003cstrong\u003e Transistor as a NOR gate\u003c\/strong\u003e output becomes high only when both the switches are opened. It is more durable.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/70zxwirDh7E\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708894228661,"sku":"LGSK016","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708894261429,"sku":"LGSK016_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/transistor-nor-gate.jpg?v=1634639968"},{"product_id":"monostable-multibivrator-using-transistor","title":"Monostable multibivrator using transistor","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn this circuit, we will show how to build a \u003cstrong\u003emonostable multivibrator circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e with transistors. A \u003cstrong\u003emonostable multivibrator circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e is one in which the output of the circuit turns on for a period of time and then shuts off. The output must be triggered on and it's only turned on once (per trigger) and then shuts off. It will only turn on each time if there is a trigger. In the absence of a trigger pulse being sent to the circuit, the output stays off, which is its stable state.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis \u003cstrong\u003emonostable state circuit \u003c\/strong\u003eis always OFF except in the event that there is a trigger. So the stable state of a monostable circuit is off. We simply use a pushbutton to allow for the trigger that is necessary to turn on the output. This pushbutton sends a momentary brief HIGH signal that turns on the circuit.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/AaZcZgGmGYo\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708894326965,"sku":"LGSK017","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708894359733,"sku":"LGSK017_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/Monostable-Multivibrator.jpg?v=1634641685"},{"product_id":"bistable-multibivrator-using-transistor","title":"Bistable multibivrator using Transistor","description":"The \u003cstrong\u003eBistable Multivibrator\u003c\/strong\u003e is another type of two-state device similar to the Monostable Multivibrator, but the difference this time is that BOTH states are stable. \u003cstrong\u003eBistable Multivibrators\u003c\/strong\u003e have TWO stable states (hence the name: “Bi” meaning two) and maintain a given output state indefinitely unless an external trigger is applied to force it to change state.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHere we have realized the device uses \u003cstrong\u003etwo transistors Q1 and Q2\u003c\/strong\u003e. Let us suppose that, initially both the transistors are off. As we turn on the power supply, the power goes to both the transistors. Let us suppose Q1 gets turned on, clearly, the voltage V4 will go low, and Q2 will remain turned off. and V3 will remain high hence LED D2 will keep glowing. Now if we turn off Q1 forcefully by connecting its base to the ground, the v4 will go high Q2 will turn on, and so on. Hence we can see that any output v3 or v4 can be made to go stable in any one state either high or low.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bFuyDXNzpM4\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708894490805,"sku":"LGSK018","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708894523573,"sku":"LGSK018_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/bistable-multivibratorwithtransistor.jpg?v=1634644398"},{"product_id":"astable-multivibrator-using-transistor","title":"Astable multivibrator using Transistor","description":"An \u003cstrong\u003eAstable Multivibrator\u003c\/strong\u003e or a Free Running Multivibrator is a multivibrator that has no stable states. Its output oscillates continuously between its two unstable states without the aid of external triggering. The time period of each state is determined by the Resistor Capacitor ( RC ) time constant.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe\u003cstrong\u003e Astable Multivibrator Transistor\u003c\/strong\u003e working can be understood clearly from the given circuit diagram. The components R3, C1, and R2, C2 determine the on-off period of the transistor. Both the transistor keeps turning on and off alternatively as per period.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KEA0CIJsGJM\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708894589109,"sku":"LGSK019","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708894621877,"sku":"LGSK019_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/astable-multivibrator-using-transistor.jpg?v=1634645542"},{"product_id":"voltage-regulation-using-zener-diode","title":"Voltage regulation using zener diode","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003evoltage regulation\u003c\/strong\u003e is the percentage of the voltage difference between no-load and full-load voltages of a transformer with respect to its full-load voltage. Voltage regulation is required in almost all \u003cstrong\u003eVoltage regulations using Zener diode\u003c\/strong\u003e that require constant voltage over time. Suppose we have a battery of 9v and we want our circuit to run continuously at 9v.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf we connect the battery with the\u003cstrong\u003e Voltage regulation circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e, it will work, but during that time the battery will keep discharging and the voltage will go at a lower voltage. In this type of circumstance, we are required to make regulation circuits. Sometimes after connecting the load, the output goes at a lower voltage. \u003cstrong\u003eZener diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e are used to maintain a constant voltage at the output. Almost all types of regulators use Zener diodes to implement voltage regulators.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the given circuit, we have used a \u003cstrong\u003eZener diode\u003c\/strong\u003e, let us suppose we have a Zener diode of Vz voltage, then we can regulate the output at constant Vz. As long as the input voltage across the Zener diode is greater or equal to Vz, it gets turned on and output remains at Vz.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/B7bjmghKLxo\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708895211701,"sku":"LGSK020","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708895277237,"sku":"LGSK020_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/voltage-regulator-using-zener-diode-project.jpg?v=1634646044"},{"product_id":"demonstration-of-electrical-noise","title":"Demonstration of Electrical Noise","description":"\u003cstrong\u003eElectrical noise\u003c\/strong\u003e may be defined as any undesired voltages or currents that ultimately end up appearing in the receiver output. To the listener, this electrical noise often manifests itself as static. It may only be annoying, such as an occasional burst of static, or continuous and of such amplitude that the desired information is obliterated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Also, we can say that noise is an unwanted electrical signal which distorts the original signal. \u003cstrong\u003eDemonstration of Electrical Noise\u003c\/strong\u003e is present everywhere if there is some finite temperature. All types of noise should be minimized.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHere in this circuit, we are trying to \u003cstrong\u003edemonstrate the noise\u003c\/strong\u003e signal present around us. If we touch the base of the transistor with our hand, then we can see that the LED starts blinking. Clearly, there must be some voltage arising at the base as soon as we touch it, this is the noise present in our body. It is in the form of voltage and it is in the range of microvolts.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aD_gmFfmqlc\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708895604917,"sku":"LGSK021","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708895637685,"sku":"LGSK021_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/Electrical-noise.jpg?v=1634705870"},{"product_id":"delay-switch-using-rc-circuit","title":"Delay switch using RC circuit","description":"\u003cstrong\u003eDelay circuits\u003c\/strong\u003e are used to protect electronic circuits from abrupt changes in power. These circuits introduce some finite delay before the device gets turned on. The most simple way to implement these \u003cstrong\u003eDelay switch circuits\u003c\/strong\u003e is by using capacitors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn this \u003cstrong\u003eDelay switch using RC circuit,\u003c\/strong\u003e we can see that if we turn on the DC power by closing the switch S1, both the capacitors start charging. It means that as long as they keep charging, no current or little current passes through the LED D1. As soon as the capacitors get fully charged, no DC current can flow through them(as per the capacitor’s property) and now all the power appears across the LED and R1. Two capacitors are used here to increase the charging time hence increasing the delay.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mfj0_ilF8sQ\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708895735989,"sku":"LGSK022","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708895768757,"sku":"LGSK022_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/Delay-Switch.jpg?v=1634708130"},{"product_id":"mosfet-and-dc-motor-driving-circuit","title":"MOSFET and DC motor driving circuit","description":"\u003cstrong\u003eMOSFETs driving circuits\u003c\/strong\u003e are also transistors hence their characteristics are very similar to BJT. Here we are using power MOSFET hence it is capable of handling more power. Motors generally consume more power to operate hence we are using POWER MOSFET here. The use of LDR(Light Dependent Resistor) makes the device more interesting. LDR has the property of changing its resistance as the light falls on it.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the given \u003cstrong\u003eMOSFET and DC motor driving circuit,\u003c\/strong\u003e we can see that R1 and R2 form a voltage divider network. The voltage at the Gate terminal of the MOSFET increases as the light falls on the LDR. As the Gate voltage of the MOSFET increases, it gets turned on and its Drain and Source get connected. Clearly, now the current from V3 can flow through Motor M1, and hence the motor operates.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oco36JMD3YA\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708895867061,"sku":"LGSK023","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708895899829,"sku":"LGSK023_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/dc-motor-driver-circuit.jpg?v=1634709344"},{"product_id":"dc-light-driving-circuit-using-darlington-pair","title":"DC light driving circuit using Darlington pair","description":"\u003cp\u003eTo \u003cstrong\u003eDC light driving circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e a large number of LEDs for lighting purposes, we need transistors of high power. Darlington pair of transistors is commonly used to improve the power performance of general-purpose transistors (like BC547). We can see from the circuit diagram, two transistors are connected in such a way to represent a single transistor. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eLDR light-dependent resistor\u003c\/strong\u003e is combined to make an automatic street light. The resistance of LDR decreases as the light falls on it. In the given circuit there are two resistances R1 and R2 to form a voltage divider network.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn case of darkness, the \u003cstrong\u003eDC light driving circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e resistance of the LDR remains very high, hence the voltage at the base of Q2 remains high and the transistor gets turned on. Due to the high current value of the emitter current of Q2, the base current of Q1 also becomes high, and hence both the transistors get turned on and sufficient current flows through them to turn on LEDs(D1 and D2). During daytime, more light falls on LDR hence its resistance becomes very low, and hence base voltage of Q2 also goes to a lower value, and Q1 and Q2 get turned off. So the LEDs will be turned off.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JUzQOdkAnq8\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708895998133,"sku":"LGSK024","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708896030901,"sku":"LGSK024_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/DC-light-driving-circuit.jpg?v=1634710908"},{"product_id":"soil-health-indicator","title":"Soil Health Indicator","description":"\u003cstrong\u003eSoil Health indicators\u003c\/strong\u003e are measurable properties of soil or plants that provide clues about how well the soil can function. Indicators can be physical, chemical, and biological properties, processes, or characteristics of soils. They can also be morphological or visual features of plants. This device can work as a soil moisture indicator. The LED connected to the device will start glowing as the moisture level goes very low.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe basic idea of the working of the \u003cstrong\u003eSoil Health Indicator Circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e is that the water can conduct electricity. Two probes connected at two points Probe1 and Probe 2 are dipped inside the soil. As long as the moisture level remains there, the bases of Q1 will remain at low voltage. We can assume that Probe 1 and Probe 2 are connected with each other. As soon as the soil becomes dry, the continuity of probe 1 and probe 2 gets disconnected and Q1 gets turned on hence Q2 gets turned on and overall the LED D1 starts glowing.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6LWaLzkGPKs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708896096437,"sku":"LGSK025","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708896129205,"sku":"LGSK025_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/Indicators-Soil-Quality.jpg?v=1634711581"},{"product_id":"ir-remote-debugger","title":"IR remote debugger","description":"This device can be used to test all types of\u003cstrong\u003e IR-based remotes\u003c\/strong\u003e like a tv remote, ac remote, etc. All types of remote emit some IR signals which can not be seen by our naked eyes. \u003cstrong\u003eIR remote debugger\u003c\/strong\u003e is more stable.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the given \u003cstrong\u003eIR remote debugger circuit \u003c\/strong\u003eis connected in the reverse direction. The receiver has the property to change its resistance, as the IR rays fall on it. As we press a remote in the D2 direction, IR rays emitted from the remote fall on D2, and its resistance decreases hence V3 increases. As the base voltage of transistor Q1 increases, it gets turned on and hence D1 starts glowing, and the buzzer beeps.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oQXdp_RJ080\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708896227509,"sku":"LGSK026","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708896260277,"sku":"LGSK026_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/diy-remote-tester.jpg?v=1634713675"},{"product_id":"ir-based-security-system","title":"IR Based Security System","description":"The \u003cstrong\u003eInfra-ed (IR ) sensors\u003c\/strong\u003e are frequently used in security systems. They are used in security because we can not see IR rays with our naked eyes. In this circuit, we have designed a simple yet useful system that can be used at many places as a security device. It generates an alarm if any obstacle comes between the IR transmitter and receiver.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eIR Based Security System\u003c\/strong\u003e transmitter keeps transmitting IR rays from D2 towards IR receiver D3. Both are directed towards each other in the same line. As soon as any object comes in between these two, no IR rays fall on the IR receiver and its resistance becomes high hence the voltage V3 goes high and the transistor and buzzer get turned on.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QH8-1jtFDas\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708896424117,"sku":"LGSK027","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708896456885,"sku":"LGSK027_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/diy-kit-irbased-security-systems.jpg?v=1634714291"},{"product_id":"gate-open-alarm","title":"Gate open alarm","description":"This\u003cstrong\u003e Gate open alarm kit\u003c\/strong\u003e can be attached to any door. If the door opens, it will generate an alarm. The main component used here is the Reed switch or magnetic switch. If any magnet comes near the reed switch, it becomes closed otherwise it remains open. Hence a magnet can be attached to the door, if the door is opened, the magnet will go away from the sensor and it will be activated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe\u003cspan data-me-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGate open alarm\u003c\/strong\u003e switching of buzzer and LED is done here through a transistor. As long as the magnet is there near the reed switch, the base of the transistor Q1 remains connected with the ground, and hence transistor Q1 remains off. If the reed switch becomes open, the base of the transistor (V3) goes at high voltage, and hence the transistor gets turned hence the buzzer and LED become on.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Lt0ni_1Lyoc\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708896555189,"sku":"LGSK028","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708896587957,"sku":"LGSK028_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/diy-door-open-alarm.jpg?v=1634715416"},{"product_id":"fire-alarm","title":"Fire alarm","description":"\u003cstrong\u003eFire alarm device\u003c\/strong\u003e works on the principle of IR sensors. Fires contain a large amount of Infrared (IR) signals. In case the fire is detected, the buzzer beeps, and the LED gets turned on. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The \u003cstrong\u003efire\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e alarm circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e is made from good quality material.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe resistance of IR sensors decreases, as the IR rays fall on them.\u003cstrong\u003e The fire alarm\u003c\/strong\u003e is clear from the given \u003cstrong\u003ecircuit diagram\u003c\/strong\u003e that if the resistance of the IR sensor decreases, the voltage V3 will increase as it forms a resistance divider network. Hence as soon as the fire is detected, the v3 increases, and hence the transistor gets turned on and the buzzer LED also gets turned on.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/o-_sFOQYYck\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708896620725,"sku":"LGSK029","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708896653493,"sku":"LGSK029_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/fire-alarm-project_fd0b0cdc-9671-4c13-b754-507f720cbab7.jpg?v=1634716458"},{"product_id":"water-level-indicator","title":"Water Level Indicator","description":"A \u003cstrong\u003ewater level indicator\u003c\/strong\u003e is a system that relays information back to a control panel to indicate whether a body of water has a high or low water level. Some water level indicators use a combination of probe sensors or float switches to sense water levels. \u003cbr\u003eThis device can be used as a water level indicator. It is a prototype device that can be assembled at the top of the water tank, if the tank gets full, it will start alerting.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIf the \u003cstrong\u003ewater level circuit\u003c\/strong\u003e goes above a certain level, probe1 and probe 2 both get short-circuited hence the transistor Q1 gets turned off. As the transistor Q2 gets turned off, Q1 gets turned on hence buzzer and LED get turned on. There is the simple concept of the switching action of transistors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_mkbCK2MQlg\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708896784565,"sku":"LGSK030","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708896817333,"sku":"LGSK030_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/Simple-Water-Level-Indicator.jpg?v=1634722117"},{"product_id":"representation-of-wheatstone-bridge","title":"Representation of Wheatstone Bridge","description":"Wheatstone bridge is commonly used to measure the value of unknown resistance. This type of bridge can be further generalized to measure the unknown resistance, capacitance, and inductance. One detector is required to measure the small value of current flowing in the bridge. A galvanometer (a device to measure a very small amount of current) is generally used as a detector. As a galvanometer is not available in general, hence we have used LEDs to measure the current. The only drawback with the LEDs is that they can not measure very small current values. But for our purpose, it will work well. From the given circuit we can see that four resistances R1, R2, R2, and R4 are connected to form a bridge. LEDs D1 and D2 are connected diagonally to measure the current flowing across them. If the bridge is balanced( if R1*R2 = R3*R4), then no current will flow across D1 or D2. This is the principle of the bridge. Let us connect an unknown resistance R2 to the circuit and connect three known resistances R1, R3, and R4. If the circuit is balanced, then R2 can be calculated by the formula given above. \n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3tBiVdaTXcU\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708940726453,"sku":"LGSK031","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708940759221,"sku":"LGSK031_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/DSC_0032copy_09c9decc-ad47-4ea7-be29-3224e3bca55a.jpg?v=1630567138"},{"product_id":"finding-polarity-of-an-electromagenet","title":"Finding Polarity of an Electromagenet","description":"This circuit can be used to demonstrate two concepts. One is, how the electric current can induce a magnetic field, and second how the polarity of a DC supply can be reversed by using four switches. If any current flows through any coil made of conductors(generally copper), then a magnetic field will be induced. The direction can be checked by using a metal or a piece of magnet. If the direction of the current is reversed, then the direction of the induced field will also be reversed. In the given circuit let us suppose we have open switches S2,S4 and closed switches S1, and S3. Clearly, the current will flow from V2 to V3. Now if we open S1, and S3 and close S2, and S4, clearly the current will flow from V3 to V2.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/w-s4YhzxCe8\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708940791989,"sku":"LGSK032","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708940824757,"sku":"LGSK032_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/DSC_0035copy_8af369ab-6802-429c-895f-717ed54c7c4c.jpg?v=1630568371"},{"product_id":"capacitors-in-series-and-parallel","title":"Capacitors in series and parallel","description":"The circuit can be used to demonstrate the concept of capacitors in series and parallel. If they are connected in series the overall capacitance gets decreased and if connected in parallel, the overall capacitance gets increased. To see the increase or decrease in the values of capacitance we have used the concept of the 'Time Constant' of a capacitor. The time constant represents the time taken by the capacitor to charge\/ discharge. Different switches are used here to connect the capacitors in series or parallel. We can see the discharging time of the capacitor increases if the capacitance increases and vice versa. For more details please refer to the video.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8EGQqEczNbI\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708940890293,"sku":"LGSK033","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708940923061,"sku":"LGSK033_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/DSC_0033copy.jpg?v=1630569416"},{"product_id":"resistances-in-series-and-parallel","title":"Resistances in series and parallel","description":"This circuit can be used to demonstrate the concept of using resistances in series and parallel. If the resistance is connected in series, the overall value of the resistance gets increased. If these are connected in parallel the overall value gets decreases. In the given circuit, if S2, S3, S4 are opened. The resistance R1 and R2 get connected in series. If the S2 is closed and S3 and S4 are closed, then R2, R3, and R4 get connected in parallel. The intensity of LED can be seen increasing for different connections. If the equivalent resistance gets increased, the intensity of the LED will decrease and if the equivalent resistance gets decreased, the intensity of the LED will increase.\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003ePhysical Attributes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_info\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"pro-ds\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimensions (cm) L x W x H : 20 x 15 x 5\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight (gm): 200\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product_info\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"sing--sub-heading\"\u003eProduct Video\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LtCYCp4hNQA\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"p_video\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ksfNm8ypTxs\" height=\"400\" width=\"800\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"KitsGuru","offers":[{"title":"DO IT YOURSELF","offer_id":40708940988597,"sku":"LGSK034","price":129.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true},{"title":"READY TO USE","offer_id":40708941021365,"sku":"LGSK034_R","price":249.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/products\/DSC_0034copy_29e6fb56-2c4c-40e2-b8a7-fd85b57c7b8f.jpg?v=1630570231"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0587\/2130\/4757\/collections\/LGSK002_1.jpg?v=1639388088","url":"https:\/\/kitsguru.com\/es\/collections\/paper-electronics-kits.oembed","provider":"KitsGuru","version":"1.0","type":"link"}